In order to investigate the effect of rock outcrops on soil physicochemical properties, four rock outcrops and one control group were used to analyse the spatial variability of soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that: (1) In the sloping cropland with rock outcropping, the variation range of soil bulk density, clay, silt, and sand was 0.87~1.42 g/cm³, 25.70%~41.80%, 38.11%~51.60% and 13.76%~27.54%, respectively. The spatial variation of soil bulk density, clay and silt was weak and higher spatial variability than that of the control. The spatial variability of sand grains was moderate and lower than that of the control. (2) The spatial variability of soil total carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium ranged from 9.82 to 23.13, 0.94 to 2.15, 0.65 to 2.93 and 7.38 to 20.35 g/kg, respectively, while the spatial variability of soil effective phosphorus and fast-acting potassium ranged from 1.44 to 2.63 and 7.35 to 106.02 mg/kg, respectively, all with medium and higher spatial variability than the control group. (3) Soil bulk density, clay and silt were negatively correlated with other soil physicochemical properties, and the correlation was more significant in the sloping cropland with rock outcropping than that of the control group. There was a significant negative correlation between sand and clay, and a positive correlation between sand and other soil chemical properties. (4) The number, gradient, ratio, and height of rock outcropping had a complex impact on soil physical and chemical properties. The spatial variation of soil physicochemical properties varied with the characteristics of different rock outcropping. The research results contribute to a deeper understanding of the impact of rock outcropping on the erosion process and mechanism on karst slope, and provide scientific reference for soil erosion and soil conservation work.