[Objective] The implementation of soil and water conservation measures has led to a notable reduction in the loss of soil carbon pools, while simultaneously facilitating effective control of soil erosion. However, there is a paucity of systematic understanding of the processes of carbon loss, flux characteristics and the factors that influence them under different soil and water conservation measures. [Methods] In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the characteristics and influencing factors associated with the loss of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic carbon (DIC) from loess slopes under different soil and water conservation measures. These measures included the construction of terraces, the establishment of grasslands, the implementation of upper terraces and lower terraces, and the creation of upper terraces and lower bare soil. To this end, we employed a simulated rainfall test in the field, with the aim of quantifying the benefits of the aforementioned soil and water conservation measures in arresting the loss of dissolved carbon from the slopes. [Results] The dissolved carbon concentration on the slope surface under each soil and water conservation measure remained relatively constant throughout the rainfall process. However, the flux of dissolved carbon loss was significantly lower than that observed on bare ground (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the loss of dissolved inorganic carbon contributed to 79.5% to 83.1% of the total carbon loss. The sequestration benefits of grassland the up-stepped down-grass, terraced and up-stepped down-bare measures demonstrated a 76.9%, 56.3%, 47.6% and 18.0% reduction in dissolved carbon on slopes, respectively. The amount of flow production on the slope surface was identified as the determining factor affecting the flux of dissolved carbon loss. Furthermore, the carbon loss process was found to be significantly and positively correlated with the flow production process. [Conclusion] This study advances our comprehension of the mechanisms through which soil carbon loss is mitigated by diverse soil and water conservation measures. It offers a scientific foundation for the evaluation of the carbon sink benefits of soil and water conservation on the slopes of the Loess Plateau.