[Objective] To explore the spatial and temporal evolution of soil erosion, driving factors and the interaction between driving factors in Anshun City, a karst area in southwest China, which can help the management of rock desertification and soil and water resources in the area. [Methods] The optimised RUSLE model was used to estimate soil erosion in Anshun City from 2005 to 2020, while the Random Forest Model (RF) was used to reveal the driving factors of soil erosion, and to estimate the effects of driving factor interactions on soil erosion in Anshun City from 2005 to 2020. [Results] (1) from 2005 to 2020, soil erosion in Anshun City generally shows that low-intensity soil erosion is distributed in the central, southeastern and eastern regions, while high-intensity soil erosion is distributed in the northern and southwestern regions. From the time point of view, soil erosion in Anshun City as a whole shows a trend of improvement, most of the areas of soil erosion grade mainly from high to micro-intensity erosion transfer, but there are local areas of erosion exacerbation phenomenon. (2) Rocky desertification has a greater impact on soil erosion in Anshun. The soil erosion intensity of Anshun is positively correlated with rocky desertification in the area accounting for 59.3% of the total area, which is highly correlated. Soil erosion with the increase of rocky desertification intensity shows the trend of increasing and then decreasing. (3) The most important land use types in Anshun City where soil erosion occurs are forest land, arable land and grassland, and the overall rate of soil erosion is in the order of forest land < grassland < arable land. (4) The analysis of the driving factors of soil erosion showed that the vegetation cover and management factor had the strongest explanatory power for the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil erosion in the study area, followed by the factor of soil and water conservation measures and the intensity of rock desertification. The results of driver interaction showed that the interaction between vegetation cover and management factor and soil and water conservation measures factor was the dominant factor, and the top ranked interactions all had the participation of vegetation cover and management factor. [Conclusion] Soil erosion intensity in Anshun City showed an overall trend of improvement from 2005 to 2020, but there was an increase in erosion in some areas. Vegetation cover, rock desertification intensity and land use have the strongest influence on soil erosion in Anshun City. Therefore, the future soil and water management process needs to focus on vegetation cover, rock desertification intensity and land use changes.