In order to reveal the change mechanism of soil erosion resistance in seasonal freeze-thaw region and determine the main controlling factors affecting soil erosion resistance, the Loess soil (SM silty loam), Aeolian sandy soil (WS sandy loam) and Black soil (KS clay loam) were studied by indoor freeze-thaw simulation, flume erosion test and soil shear test. The results showed that: (1) With the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the value of rill erodibility gradually increased, while the critical shear stress decreased. After ten freeze-thaw cycles, the rill erodibility of SM silty loam, WS sandy loam and KS clay loam increased by 76%, 63% and 11%, respectively, and the critical shear stress decreased by 37%, 13% and 91%, respectively. (2) Rill erodibility decreased with the increase of soil shear strength, cohesion and internal friction angle, while the critical shear stress showed the opposite trend. Compared with the internal friction angle, cohesion was more suitable to characterize soil erosion resistance. The rill erodibility of SM silty loam, WS sandy loam and KS clay loam was predicted by cohesion, and the determination coefficients R² were 0.42, 0.78 and 0.50, respectively, with an average of 0.57. The prediction effect on the critical shear stress was poor, and R² were 0.16, 0.14 and 0.18, respectively, with an average of only 0.16. (3) According to the results of Pearson correlation analysis, the prediction models of rill erodibility (R²=0.85) and critical shear stress (R²=0.79) were established based on initial soil moisture content, freeze-thaw cycles, mechanical properties and soil parameters, respectively. Studies have shown that the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil erosion are enormous in areas with seasonal freeze-thaw region. The findings can serve as a reference for optimizing soil and water conservation practices and controlling soil erosion across different regions.