Improving soil water use is an important goal to the sustainable development of agriculture in the dry loess plateau area. Through a four-year spring corn field experiment, the effects of deep burial of straw combined with nitrogen reduction on soil profile water consumption and water use distribution were studied, in order to provide a scientific basis for scientific management of water and fertilizer in dry farming areas on the Loess Plateau. The experiment was conducted at the Loess Plateau Agro-ecological Experiment Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Changwu, Shaanxi from April 2017 to September 2020. Four treatments were set up: Constant nitrogen application (CON1, N250 kg/hm²), deep straw burial combined with constant nitrogen application (CON2, N250 kg/hm²+straw), reduced nitrogen application (CR1, N200 kg/hm²) and deep straw burial combined with reduced amount of nitrogen (CR2, N200 kg/hm²+straw). The results showed that: (1) The treatment of deep burial of straw increased the yield of spring maize by 9.8%~10.43%. Reducing nitrogen application to 200 kg/hm² did not reduce the crop yield, in the contrary, combined with the deep burial of straw, it would increase the yield of spring maize. (2) The fluctuation of soil water consumption mainly occurred in the 100—200 cm soil layer, and the soil water consumption in the 0—100 cm soil layer reached a dynamic balance. The deep burial of straw significantly reduced the total soil water consumption (p < 0.05). The total water consumption of the treated soil decreased by 10.86 and 20.31 mm under the deep burial of straw in 2017 and 2019 respectively. (3) The 4-year experimental data showed that the water use efficiency of the four treatments was CR2 > CON2 > CR1 > CON1, and the water use efficiency of deep burial of straw combined with reduced nitrogen application (N200 kg/hm²+straw) was the highest, which was 33.16 kg/(mm·hm²). In the loess dryland area, deep burial of straw combined with reduced nitrogen application to 200 kg/hm² is an effective measure to improve water use efficiency.