The Yellow River Basin has a variety of sediment source areas, and the characteristics of water and sediment sources are prominent. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to study the Spatial equilibrium analysis of comprehensive control of soil and water conservation to optimize the spatial layout of soil and water conservation and to effectively and continuously reduce the sediment entering the Yellow River. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of the sediment source areas and the current situation of comprehensive control of soil and water conservation, we used statistical theory and methods to study the concept, principle and evaluation method of the spatial equilibrium of comprehensive control of the Yellow River soil and water conservation, and evaluated the equilibrium of control status. The results show that: (1) The spatial equilibrium of comprehensive control of soil and water conservation in the watershed refers to the control measures that corresponds to the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion intensity and can effectively control the erosion and sediment yield intensity to a certain extent, and the degree of the control can be quantified by the effect; (2) The sediment reduction effects of different degrees of control are different, and the spatial equilibrium of control in the whole basin system can be identified by the differences in the degree of sediment reduction effect of different zoning control measures; (3) The evaluation method of spatial equilibrium of control is proposed, and the method mainly includes evaluation of watershed zoning, calculation of the degree of sediment reduction effect of soil and water conservation measures and spatial equilibrium coefficient of comprehensive control, and identification of weakly controlled areas; (4) At present, the spatial control of the Yellow River Basin is uneven, and the degree of sediment reduction effect of soil and water conservation measures and the spatial control equilibrium coefficient are very low in the Lanzhou-Toudaoquan area and the northern part of Shaanxi Province, which are typical weak control areas. The proposed method for evaluating the spatial equilibrium of comprehensive control of soil and water conservation can quantitatively identify weakly controlled areas and provide a new technical method for optimizing the development pattern of soil and water conservation.