In order to promote the resource utilization of mushroom residues, and to reduce the application rate of chemical fertilizers and increase its use efficiency, the residues of Auriculariapolytricha, Lentinus edobes, and Agaricus bisporus were selected as organic materials in this study. Based on the nitrogen application of conventional chemical fertilizers in Chengdu Plain, a total 8 treatments were set: blank treatment (CK), conventional chemical fertilizer (CF), 25% and 50% Auriculariapolytricha residues (APR1, APR2), 25% and 50% Lentinus edobes residues (LER1, LER2), 25% and 50% Agaricus bisporus residues (ABR1, ABR2). The differences in soil fertility and soil enzymes activities of different mushroom residues and chemical fertilizers were discussed. The results showed that the mushroom residue and chemical fertilizers could effectively enhance the activities of soil sucrase and urease, increase the contents of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium, promote the accumulation of nitrogen in crops, and improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer, thereby promoting crop production. However, the higher C/N ratio (C/N＞30), P₂O₅ replacement rate and K₂O replacement rate of mushroom residues resulted in a decrease in nutrient use efficiency and a significant decrease in yield. Even the positive effects of P₂O₅ and K₂O on soil and crops were not enough to compensate, which was significantly negatively correlated with crop yield. On the whole, the mushroom residues with a C/N ratio close to 30, the use of 50% or less of nitrogen fertilizer replacement rate in the rice season, and the use of 25% nitrogen fertilizer replacement rate in the wheat season are conducive to increasing crop yield.