In order to effectively cope with the shortage of irrigation water resources and to clarify the soil water storage and consumption characteristics in wheat field under micro sprinkler irrigation, the effects of micro sprinkler irrigation amounts on soil water storage and consumption and water use efficiency (WUE) were studied in Linfen Basin, Shanxi Province, by means of large-scale contrast method. The results showed that the soil water storage in 0-100, 0-200 and 100-200 cm soil layers at greening stage, jointing stage, filling stage and maturity stage increased with the increase of micro sprinkler irrigation amounts. The soil water storage in 0-200 cm soil layers from greening stage to maturity stage had significant differences between 150 mm and 75 mm of micro sprinkler irrigation amounts, 150 mm and 0 mm, and even between 75 mm and 0 mm. With the increase of micro sprinkler irrigation amounts from pre-sowing to maturity stage, soil water consumption in 0-100, 0-200 cm and 100-200 cm soil layers decreased. All the proportions of soil water consumption in shallow layer (0-100 cm) to the entire 0-200 cm were greater than those in deep layer (100-200 cm). And the proportions of shallow layer (0-100 cm) increased with the increase of micro sprinkler irrigation amounts, while those in deep layer (100-200 cm) decreased. The soil water consumption in 0-100 and 100-200 cm soil layers at different growth stages had positive and negative correlations respectively with the initial soil water storage in the corresponding stage. The WUE and yield increased with the increase of micro sprinkler irrigation amounts in 0~150 mm. When micro sprinkler irrigation amount reached 525 mm, the yield increased but WUE decreased. The irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) decreased with increase of irrigation amounts. These findings an provide theoretical basis and technical support for the impacts of water shortage on wheat production system.