Phosphorus was the main limiting factor of eutrophication. Previous studies have shown that the pollution load of phosphorus in surface water mainly comes from agricultural non-point source pollution. This paper collected four main cultivated soils, i.e., black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, red soil and paddy soil, and a soil column simulation experiment was conducted to study the spatial distribution characteristics of phosphorus in four soil profiles, as well as TP, TDP contents, dynamics and loss characteristics of soil leakage. The results showed that: (1) The contents of total phosphorus and available phosphorus in different soils were significantly different: Paddy soil > fluvo-aquic soil > black soil > red soil. The contents of total phosphorus and available phosphorus in black soil, red soil and paddy soil all showed the decreasing trends with the increase of soil depth, but the profile of fluvo-aquic soil presented the distribution pattern that upper and lower lawyer was high, and middle was low. (2) The dominant forms of phosphorus in the four soils leakage were inconsistent. The fluvo-aquic soil was dominated by MRP, black soil and paddy soil were dominated by DOP, while red soil by PP. In terms of the dynamics of soil phosphorus, the contents of TP in fluvo-aquic soil decreased first and increased next, and then decreased, while the TDP content increased first and then decreased. Black soil showed that TP content increased first and then decreased, while continuous decline in TDP content. TP and TDP contents in red soil and paddy soil did not vary significantly. (3) The correlation between Olsen-P in soil and TP in leachate was analyzed. It was found that there was an exponential relationship between Olsen-P and TP in leachate in four soils. (4) The highest TP and TDP leaching loss was observed in fluvo-aquic soil, followed by the black soil and paddy soil, the smallest loss was in red soil. The largest proportion in phosphorus loss was TDP.