In order to study the effects of different plant cultivation patterns on soil fertility of mining abandoned lands, this paper selected eight typical plant cultivation patterns (Lolium perenne L., Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb., Astragalus adsurgens, Coronilla varia L., Amorpha fruticosa Linn., Amorpha fruticosa Linn.+ Coronilla varia L., Amorpha fruticosa Linn. + Lolium perenne L., and Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb. + Lolium perenne L.). Soil fertility of different plants and planting patterns were analyzed by soil sample collection, lab analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that different planting patterns could improve soil water conditions, the average soil water content was 8.7% higher than that of the control. With the increase of soil depth, soil water content under different planting modes showed an increase-decrease-increase-stable development trend. The improvement effect of plants on soil water retaining was mainly reflected in the 0-40 cm soil layer. The total quality score of each nutrient in the soil was larger in the 0-10 cm soil layer than in the 10-20 cm soil layer, showing a certain aggregation effect. In the early stage of plant growth, the effects of different planting patterns in the soil of mining abandoned land followed the order of Astragalus adsurgens > Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb. > Lolium perenne L. > Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb. + Lolium perenne L. > Amorpha fruticosa Linn. + Coronilla varia L. > Amorpha fruticosa Linn. + Lolium perenne L. > Amorpha fruticosa Linn. > Coronilla varia L. Unicast planting patterns were better than mixed cropping patterns. The results can provide a reference for the study of soil moisture change, the good planting pattern, and the rapid improvement of soil fertility in the future.