In order to explore the influence of different rock-soil cover patterns on soil erosion/loss in karst slope land, the artificially simulated rainfall experiment was used to study the characteristics of runoff and sediment yield on karst slope under three rock-soil cover patterns of mosaic pattern, transverse slope pattern and downslope pattern with bare slope as the control group. The results showed that: (1) The surface runoff yield of the downslope pattern was the largest, which increased by 88.6%, 67.1% and 576.1% compared with the mosaic pattern, transverse slope pattern and bare slope, respectively. At the same time, the underground runoff yield of the downslope pattern was the smallest, which was 37.5%, 36.1% and 39.2% lower than that of the mosaic pattern, transverse slope pattern and bare slope, respectively. (2) The surface sediment yield followed the order of downslope pattern > mosaic pattern > transverse slope pattern > bare slope, and the underground sediment yield followed the order of mosaic pattern > transverse slope pattern > downslope pattern > bare slope. The surface sediment yield of the three rock-soil cover patterns significantly increased compared with that of the bare slope, but the underground sediment yield increased relatively less. (3) Rock-soil cover pattern could the relationship between surface runoff and sediment. There was a power function relationship between surface cumulative runoff and surface cumulative sediment yield. Mosaic pattern significantly changed the relationship between surface runoff and sediment, and significantly improved the slope surface erosion. The results of this paper could further enhance the understanding of rainfall erosion law in karst slope land, and provide a reference for rocky desertification control in karst area.