The Cele Oasis-Desert Ecotone in Xinjiang is a typical extreme arid zone, where wind is the most important driving force of land desertification caused by the transport and accumulation of soil sand grains by wind erosion and sandstorms. Regression analysis and correlation analysis methods were used to investigate the sedimentation law and influencing factors of sand dune development of aeolian sand dunes in different shrublands, and the morphological characteristics and sediment particle size of sand dunes under different vegetations were also analyzed. The results showed that: (1) Under different vegetation cover, Tamarix chinensis was more uniformly distributed than the sand particle size of the sand pile of Alhagi sparsifolia shrubs, and the coarsest particle size of the sand material sorted by Tamarix chinensis and Alhagi sparsifolia appeared under the high and medium coverage respectively, and both the finest appeared under the low coverage. (2) In the evolution process of dunes and obstacles, all the height, length and width changed in synergy, influencing each other and giving feedback to each other. There was a significant relationship between the height and width of the obstacle and the length, width and height of the dune, and the size of the plant affected the development of the dune morphology. (3) The sand material of wind shadow and shrub dunes was mainly composed of extremely coarse silt sand, extreme fine sand and fine sand, and the sand material of the whirlpool sand dunes was mainly composed of extremely fine sand and fine sand, and the remaining granular sand particle content was very small, less than 5%. From the analysis of vegetation types, the thickness of sand material was Tamarix chinensis＞Alhagi sparsifolia＞Karelinia caspia, and from the analysis of sand dune types, the thickness of sand matter was echo dunes＞shrub dunes＞wind shadow dunes. (4) The average sorting coefficient of sand dune sand material was between 1.42 and 1.60, which belonged to the upper middle to medium sorting, the average deviation of sand as iws between 0.01 to 0.20, which belongd to symmetry, and the peak state average of sand matter was between 0.96 to 1.07, which belongd to the constant peak state. (5) The sorting coefficients and skewness values of sand dunes were significantly correlated (R²＞0.70, p＜0.01), and the average particle size of sand substances was significantly correlated with the sorting coefficient and skewness value (p＜0.01). The results are of great significance for the in-depth understanding of the particle size characteristics of sediment surface sediments and the development of dune morphology in shrubland dunes under different vegetations.