Based on the LPJ-GUESS model, the temporal and spatial evolution and trend of soil conservation function of vegetation change on the Loess Plateau during 2001—2100 were simulated and analyzed, in order to provide a basis for the development of vegetation management and erosion control strategies adapted to climate change on the loess Plateau. The results showed that: (1) From 2001 to 2100, the soil conservation function of the Loess Plateau showed the distribution characteristics of "high in the southeast and low in the northwest". (2) From 2001 to 2020, the soil conservation function of the western high-altitude area, and that of the eastern Wutai Mountain Area and the northwest area of the Loess Plateau increased significantly. Under the SSP119 scenario, soil conservation function of the Qilian Mountains of the western area increased significantly, while that of a small part of the central region decreased significantly. Under the SSP585 scenario, the soil conservation function of most areas in the north part increased significantly. (3) From 2001 to 2020, the soil conservation function of the central part of the Loess Plateau had a significant mutation. It had a significant mutation in central south and western China under the SSP119 scenario. Under the SSP585 scenario, the soil conservation function of most areas except the south area had significant mutations. The soil conservation function declined in western high-altitude areas caused by vegetation, therefore, the vegetation management in these areas should be strengthened, such as scientific planting of appropriate vegetation. The dynamic vegetation model could describe the dynamic change of vegetation structure under climate change and made the simulation of soil conservation function more accurate. The dynamic vegetation model such as LPJ-GUESS model could be used to carry out corresponding research in other parts of the world.