In order to explore the feasibility of straw iso-nitrogen replacement of chemical fertilizer and its effect on soil moisture and dry matter accumulation of maize, field experiments were carried out for six consecutive years. 2020 was the fifth year of fertilization, 2021 was the sixth year of fertilization, and 225 kg/hm² iso-nitrogen amount was maintained. Five fertilization treatments were set up, which were CK (single fertilizer, 100% fertilizer nitrogen), S25 (25% straw nitrogen +75% fertilizer nitrogen), S50 (50% straw nitrogen +50% fertilizer nitrogen), S75 (75% straw nitrogen +25% fertilizer nitrogen) and S100 (100% straw nitrogen), and the effects of straw equal nitrogen instead of chemical fertilizer on soil water storage, water use efficiency, soil water consumption,soil nutrient and dry matter accumulation of maize were studied. The results showed that: (1) In the experiment of 2020, soil water storage in 0-80 cm soil layer was S50>S25>CK>S100>S75 before sowing and during filling stage, it was S50>S25>CK>S75>S100 in trumpet and tasseling stage. At maturity, it was S50>CK>S25>S100>S75. In the test of 2021, soil water storage in 0-80 cm soil layer was S25>S50>S100>CK>S75 in the large trumpet period. At tasseling stage, soil water storage in 0-80 cm layer was S25>S50>CK>S100>S75. (2) In the experiment of 2020 and 2021, during the whole growth period of maize growth, the variation trend of soil water storage in each layer of 0-200 cm in each treatment group with soil depth was consistent, and soil water storage of S25 and S50 treatments were larger than that of CK, while soil water storage of S75 and S100 treatments were smaller than that of CK. (3) In 2020 and 2021, compared with CK, there were no significant differences in soil water consumption and water use efficiency of each straw replacement treatment group, but in 2021, soil water consumption of S50 was significantly higher than that of S100, increased by 5.00%. (4) In the experiment of 2020, the content of soil organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in each straw replacement treatment group had no significant difference compared with CK, and the content of soil available phosphorus in S100 treatment was significantly lower than that of CK by 50.75%. In 2021, compared with CK, soil organic matter content of S25, S50, S75 and S100 significantly increased by 27.40%, 38.13%, 36.30% and 22.60%, respectively. Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content of S50 increased by 27.74% compared with CK. Compared with CK, soil available phosphorus content of S25, S50, S75 and S100 significantly declined by 31.48%, 22.22%, 30.56% and 45.68%, respectively. (5) In the experiment of 2020, in each growth period of maize, there was no significant difference in dry matter accumulation per plant treated with straw instead of chemical fertilizer compared with CK. However, in the experiment of 2021, the dry matter accumulation per plant in S50 treatment was the highest in tasseling stage, filling stage and maturity stage, with a increase by 22.39%, 34.06% and 12.58%, respectively, compared with CK. Compared with CK, the dry matter accumulation per plant of S75 increased by 22.49% and 12.11%, respectively, in the filling stage and maturity stage. In general, dry matter accumulation per maize plant increased first and then decreased with the increasing of proportion of straw replacing fertilizer. In order to ensure soil moisture and nutrient, as well as dry matter accumulation, S50 was a potential way to replace chemical fertilizer under the conditions of this experiment.