Taking the soil environment in Mitika Wetland National Nature Reserve as the research object, based on the completion of on-site sample collection and index analysis and determination, the statistical parameters of soil fertility indexes were studied, and then soil fertility of different soil types in the Mitika Wetland National Nature Reserve was studied. The results demonstrated that the comprehensive soil fertility coefficient (F) in the study area followed the order of alpine meadow soils (1.72)＞ alpine shrub meadow soils (1.66)＝frigid desert soils (1.66)＞bog soils (1.56)＞skeletal soils (1.43). Except the alpine meadow soil belonged to fertile grade, the other four types soil belonged to the general grade. The non-parametric test results of multiple independent samples indicated that soil bulk density, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, TOC, soil moisture and soil salinity in the study had a certain correlation with soil type, however, pH, content of available potassium, available phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen were unrelated to soil type. Overall, the soil fertility of Mitika Wetland located in northern Tibet with high cold and high altitude was comparable to that of cultivated land and artificial afforestation areas in the other regions of Tibet.