In the alpine mountains areas of northwest China, the cryosphere environment leads to more complicated soil erosion process. Therefore, taking the Irtysh River Basin in the Altai Mountains of Xinjiang as an example, this study intended to build a model to simulate the soil erosion process under the combined influence of rainfall, snowmelt and land use change (LUCC) and to reveal the amplification of soil erosion under the influence of compound factors. Therefore, the InVEST model was used to simulate the spatial distribution of soil erosion in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 in detail, and three scenarios were established for the analysis of compound impacts, namely rainfall and land use change, rainfall and snowmelt change, and the combined effects of rainfall, snowmelt and landuse change on soil erosion. The results showed that: (1) Compared with 2000, the land use had changed by 1.67%, 2.02% and 4.19% from 2005 to 2015, which made the soil erosion in the whole basin increased by 3.49%, 3.02% and 3.31%, respectively compared with the single rainfall erosion. (2) Although the snowfall only accounted for 30.49%, 23.10%, 38.46% and 35.26% of the annual precipitation from 2000 to 2015, the occurrence of snowmelt increased soil erosion in the basin by 249.00%, 88.00%, 843.00% and 566.00%, respectively, and the annual average erosion amount increased by 20 080 300 tons, and the erosion amount under the rainfall and snowmelt scenarios was 4.2 times that of a single rainfall. (3) In the context of snowmelt, the impact of land use was further considered, soil erosion amount increased by 2.99%, 2.16% and 3.50% from 2000 to 2015, respectively. This study provided new evidence for the impact of snowmelt on soil erosion in cold regions, and provided a basic theoretical understanding for subsequent soil and water conservation in cold regions.