Timely understanding and quantitatively analyzing the change trend of natural ecosystem and its response to ecological water transport process in arid and semi-arid areas is great significance to maintain the health of oasis ecosystem. Combined with remote sensing images and ecological water transfer monitoring data, this paper studied the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the Eichmann Lake wetland of Aksu River basin and its response to ecological water transfer. The results showed that the water area of Eichmann Lake shrunk seriously, from 61.57 km² in 1996 to 27.76 km² in 2020. The changes of water area experienced three stages, including rapid decline, slow decline and slow recovery. Water area of Eichmann Lake showed obvious seasonal change and lag effect after ecological water transfer, and the peak value appeared around November. Ecological water transfer had a significant lifting effect on the groundwater level, and was affected by water conveyance volume and water conveyance days. There was an obvious lag effect between the change of groundwater level and ecological water transfer, which was 1~2 months. The response characteristics of different natural vegetation to ecological water transfer were different. The response of Populus euphratica to ecological water transfer was more obvious. The growth of P. euphratica was the best in the range of 100~500 meters from the water delivery outlet. The monthly variation of NDVI showed that the lag time of ecological water conveyance on natural vegetation growth was about one month. This research could provide valuable reference fornatural restoration, regional water resources allocation and ecological water demand regulation in Aksu River Basin.