In order to reveal the different growth adaptation strategies of the root system of Populus euphratica seedlings growing in different groundwater depth and soil texture, taking P. euphratica seedlings as experimental materials, three groundwater depths of 30 (A₁), 60 (A₂) and 90 (A₃) cm were set up, and three soil textures of sand (B₁), sandy loam (B₂) and clay loam (B₃) were combined in the study. The impacts of groundwater depth and soil texture on the root growth and architecture of P. euphratica seedlings in Tarim River Basin were studied. The results showed that:(1) The increase of groundwater depth promoted the development of root morphology and root biomass accumulation of P. euphratica seedlings. The root depth, total root length, total root volume and total root surface area of P. euphratica seedlings all reached the maximum under the A₃B₂ treatment. (2) root weakening coefficient (β), R₅₀ and R₉₀ (50% and 90% of root biomass distribution depth, respectively) were proportional to groundwater depth, and the root biomass of deep soil increased with the increasing of groundwater depth. Under the condition of A₂ and A₃, the root biomass showed the trend of B₂ > B₃ > B₁. The vertical distribution of fine root biomass presented a "single peak" curve under each treatment. (3) The average root connection length increased with the deepening of groundwater depth, and reached the maximum of 14 cm under the A₃B₁ treatment. Under B₂ and B₃ conditions, with the increasing of groundwater depth, the root system of seedlings gradually changed from a forked branch structure to herring bone branching. Under the B₁ condition, the root topological parameters were larger, and the root branch structure of seedling tended to herring bone branching. These results could provide reference for the optimal allocation of water resources in the Tarim River Basin.