Net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation is an important part of the ecosystem carbon cycle process, and also an important part of carbon source/sink. Based on MODIS reflectance data (MOD09A1), temperature and sunshine hours data from 2001 to 2019, this study used the light energy utilization model to estimate the NPP of the terrestrial ecosystem in Jilin Province, and analyzed the spatial-temporal dynamics of NPP and their correlation with climate factors using trend analysis and spatial variability analysis. The results showed that:(1) From 2001 to 2019, the annual average and total amount of vegetation NPP in Jilin Province fluctuated and increased. The total amount of vegetation NPP within the jurisdiction showed the following:forest>farmland>grassland. (2) The distribution of NPP from 2001 to 2019 showed obvious spatial differences. NPP in most regions showed an increasing trend, and the overall variability was stable. However, the degree of spatial variability of NPP in the northwest region was relatively larger. Grassland degradation, desertification, and salinization were related to a certain extent, and vegetation restoration was obvious. (3) The correlations between vegetation NPP and annual average temperature and annual precipitation in Jilin Province had certain regional differences. Most areas of the study area had a positive correlation with temperature, and a small part of the study area had a positive correlation with precipitation.