Discovering the response and path of natural environmental elements to extreme drought events has important scientific and practical significance for efficiently and reasonably preventing and mitigating the impact of drought on society and the natural environment. Based on the El Niño extreme drought event in 2019, this study identified a drought year (2019) and a normal year (2013) using the weather data from meteorological station. And the landsat8 images of these two years were used to invert the natural environment factors of Hani Rice Terraces region, including surface temperature (TEM), soil moisture (TVDI), vegetation coverage (NDVI), surface water body (NDWI). Furthermore, the response status, interaction of these natural environment factors and the path to the extreme drought event are revealed. The results showed that:(1) Under the extreme drought event, the Hani Rice Terraces region temperature increased by about 2℃, vegetation index decreased by about 0.04, soil moisture index increased by about 0.07, water area decreased almost 40.2%. (2) The surface temperature, soil moisture, vegetation coverage, surface water changed significantly, and a positive feedback path was formed, and it helped to accelerate the regional drought.