To better understand the mechanism of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in the reclaimed coal-mining subsiding region, we investigated the response of the structure of reclaimed soil and maize quality. Top soil samples (0—20 cm) and maize grain were collected from different treatments of a 1-year reclaimed field, and the wet sieving method was used to analyze the changes of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen (TN) contents within water-stable aggregates and silt and clay fractions, and grain analyzer was used to analyze protein, starch and fat contents in maize grain. The experiment was set up with four treatments:no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), organic fertilizer (M) and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer (MNPK).The results showed that compared with CK, NPK treatment significantly increased TN content, maize grain yield, starch and fat content by 11.23%, 98.53%, 1.16% and 12.71% respectively. The M treatment significantly increased SOC, TN, the organic carbon contents, grain yield, protein, starch and fat contents in >2 mm and 0.25~2 mm aggregates by 44.77%, 13.23%, 52.73%, 60.22%, 255.15%, 23.28%, 1.67% and 12.71%, respectively. The MNPK treatment significantly increased SOC, TN, SOC and TN contents in aggregates of various particle sizes and powder clay components (except for total nitrogen content in 0.25~2 mm aggregates), maize grain yield, protein, starch and fat contents. The increase was 46.21%, 29.08%, 39.23% (>2 mm-C), 49.07% (0.25~2 mm-C), 110.41% (0.053~0.25 mm-C), 40.35% (<0.053 mm-C)), 22.48% (>2 mm—N), 43.29% (0.053~0.25 mm—N), 33.33% (<0.053 mm—N), 211.37%, 35.34%, 0.48% and 25.18%, respectively. This study shows that when the nutrient input is the same, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers (MNPK) is beneficial to the physical protection of organic carbon by reclaimed soil aggregates in the coal mining subsidence area, increasing SOC accumulation, improving soil fertility, and increasing crop yields and quality.