The Hetao Irrigation Area is the largest irrigation area of the Yellow River region. Water scarcity is severe, and farmland shelterbelt is playing an important role in the soil water and salt regulation. In order to determine the effect of shelterbelt on soil moisture in farmland, this paper used traditional statistical methods to investigate the variation of soil moisture in four different configurations of farmland shelterbelt systems in early May 2019. The effects of soil evaporation, wind speed, light intensity, air relative humidity, fine root biomass and soil physical and chemical properties on soil moisture content were analyzed. The results showed that the soil water had obvious spatial structure characteristics. Soil moisture in different configurations of farmland shelterbelt system had obvious spatial heterogeneity. In the horizontal direction, soil moisture in farmland at different distances from the main forest belt increased first and then decreased, and the main influencing factors were wind speed, soil evaporation and the distribution of fine-root biomass density with in 1H (H is the height of shelter forest). In the vertical direction, soil moisture increased with the increase of soil depth, and the main influencing factors were fine-root biomass density in 20-80 cm soil layer, soil bulk density and soil evaporation. soil moisture in different configurations of farmland shelterbelt system had an obvious difference, shelterbelt with a permeability of 40% (1 lines of Populus popular’s + 2 lines of Populus gansuensis + 1 lines of Populus popular’s ) had the best protection effect and the highest soil moisture content. This study basically analyzed the soil moisture of different farmland shelterbelts and provided a theoretical basis for rational shelterbelts and farmland construction.