In order to understand the effect of short-term vegetation restoration on soil physicochemical and microbial community structure, two plants (Medicago sativa L. and Bromus inermis Leyss) were reseeded in the wasteland of Yanqing County, Bejing, and the abandoned land was the CK. Soil bacterial community structures of the V3-V4 16S rDNA gene region and fungi community structures of ITS1-ITS2 were examined by high-throughput sequencing technologies. The results showed that:(1) The soil total nitrogen contents of two vegetation restoration modes were significantly higher than that of CK, and the soil total phosphorus content of reseeded bromegrass was the highest. (2) In the short term, the soil physical properties were significantly improved by the two vegetation restoration modes, and the soil bulk density was significantly lower than that of CK. (3) The soil microbial community structure was affected by two vegetation restoration modes in a short period of time. The relative abundance of ascomycetes in fungi and cyanobacteria in bacteria increased and the biodiversity of fungi and bacteria decreased under two vegetation restorations. (4) Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between soil organic matter contents and the number of ascomycetes, cyanobacteria, and proteobacteria. The two vegetation restoration modes improved the soil physical and chemical properties, and promoted the amount and activity of microorganisms that fixed nitrogen and degraded organic matter.