The construction of infrastructures such as highways always results in many exposed rock slopes. With the increasing awareness of human environmental protection, the higher requirement for environmental protection is being proposed. Therefore, as an important component of engineering construction technology, the biological protection of rock slope has obtained many achievements. Firstly, the features of vegetation restoration in rock slopes were analyzed. Secondly, the paper reviewed the application of biological protection technology in rock slopes, surface vegetation rational selection and design, the compound ratio of ecological base materials and their properties, the mechanism of vegetation restoration and its effect evaluation in China. Although much has been achieved, there are still many problems need to be deeply and systematically explored. The future studies may focus on the research and exploitation of biological protection in high-steep rock slope in special habitats, the interaction mechanism of rock slope-ecological base material-plant root system and its overall mechanical stability, constructing a long-term mechanism for the assessment and evaluation of the vegetation restoration and the establishment of technical specification for biological protection of rock slopes based on climate, geographical conditions.