Soil structure is the foundation of soil function, which not only affects the processes of soil nutrient supply, water retention and infiltration, gas exchange, but also provides the physical habitats for soil microorganisms and regulates the key process of organic carbon turnover. The pore characteristics of soil can directly and truthfully reflect the quality of soil structure, and they can better reflect the regulating effect of soil structure on these processes. On this basis, quantitative analysis of the highly heterogeneous soil pore structure and the changes of soil microenvironment and the turnover process of soil organic carbon is essential to further understand the function of soil structure in soil ecosystem. Therefore, this paper focuses on the influence of soil pore structure on soil microenvironment and its relationship with organic carbon, analyzes the response process of soil microenvironment under the regulation of soil pore structure, expounds the direct and indirect effects of soil pore structure on soil organic carbon turnover, emphasizes the important role of soil pore in regulating soil organic carbon turnover process. Finally this paper prospects the research on soil pore structure in regulating the soil organic carbon cycle, the decomposition of plant residues and its coordination with microorganisms and so on.