From the point view of retarding runoff, slowing down slope, improving soil physicochemical properties, increasing soil enzyme and microbial activities, biodiversity conservation, etc, this paper summarized the research progress in the mechanisms of soil erosion control of hedgerows. Soil and water conservation benefits and influences of farmland slope and balanced fertilization on different hedgerows in the hilly region of Southwest China were explored. In this region, researches mainly tended to be focused on herbs like Vetiveria zizanioides and Hemerocallis citrina and trees like Leucaena leucocephala, of which Hemerocallis citrina was usually occurred with fruit trees. Finally, soil biological characteristics and distance of hedgerows were put forward, which could give a reference for further research, and provide the theoretical bases for the improvement of the efficiency of fertilizer.