Taking coal mining subsidence farmland with high groundwater level as the research object, the distribution of soil thermal conductivity and the influencing factors under three different reclamation modes, including regional leveling reclamation, filling reclamation, and dynamic reclamation were studied. In this research, soil profiles of three layers, i.e. 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm, were dug in typical areas under three different reclamation modes. After collecting soil samples, soil thermal conductivity and other relevant physical indicators were acquired through experiments. The results indicated that reclamation mode, profile layer, and their interactions were the factors making the soil thermal conductivity different significantly (p < 0.01), and the contribution rate was 86.8%, 89.6%, and 71.9%, respectively. The changing trend of the soil conductivity showed a pattern of ">" with the increasing of soil depth. Reclamation could influence soil thermal conductivity significantly (p < 0.05), and increase its differentiation of distribution among soil layers. Under the same conditions of soil water content and temperature, soil silt content was the main factor affecting soil thermal conductivity when soil bulk density was between 1.205 and 1.593 g/cm3, while soil sand content was the main factor when soil bulk density was between 1.604 and 1.813 g/cm3. Thermal conductivity of reclaimed soils was lower than that of the normal soil, and its differentiation of distribution among soil layers was higher. Therefore, in order to improve thermal conductivity of reclaimed soils, soil bulk density and texture shou be taken into consideration comprehensively, and soil bulk density should be reduced.