This paper selects the Anjiapo small catchment to study the characteristic of soil nutrient under different vegetation-land types including wasteland, almondland, cropland, pineland, shrubland and abandoned land. The results are as below: the plant communities had obvious effect on the soil nutrient by vegetation accumulation on the top of the soil with various effects of different plant, significant differences among six land use types were found on soil properties including soil organic matter, available P, available K, nitrate N and ammonia N in the 0~20 cm and 20~40 cm soil layers, the artificial shrub had a better soil fertility than that of the artificial arbor, abandonment of cropland can improve soil fertility to some degree, during the developing of Chinese "Grain for Green Project", it is better to replace cultivated land with shrubs and grassesand plant some arbor when the soil condition is adapt to it, and the abandonment of cultivated land is a win-win way to improve the soil conditions in the hilly and severe soil and water erosion area in the Loess Plateau of China.